函数 f(x, y) 的临界点性质:局部最大值/最小值/鞍点
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①本范例演示了如何通过 GeoGebra 绘制并分析函数 f(x, y) 的临界点,包括局部最大值、最小值和鞍点;②涉及的核心数学概念有:多元函数、偏导数、二阶偏导数、Hessian 矩阵判别法、局部极值与鞍点判定;③作图要点:利用 Simplify 命令简化表达式,ImplicitCurve 绘制隐式曲线,Zip 和 Sequence 生成数据序列,TableText 显示文本信息,LaTeX 渲染数学公式,Sort 和 Length 排序和计算长度,Max 寻找最大值,RotateText 旋转文本,对象包括 f, fx, fy, fxx, fxy, fyy, fyx 等;④适合高中及以上学生学习和教师教学使用,用于理解和掌握多元函数的极值判定方法。
GeoGebra 命令及参数
Simplify(Derivative[f, x, 1]) → fxSimplify(Derivative[f, y, 1]) → fyImplicitCurve(fx(x, y)) → axImplicitCurve(fy(x, y)) → aySimplify(Derivative[fx, x, 1]) → fxxSimplify(Derivative[fx, y, 1]) → fxySimplify(Derivative[fy, y, 1]) → fyySimplify(Derivative[fy, x, 1]) → fyxZip({{fxx(a), fxy(a)}, {fyx(a), fyy(a)}}, a, l1) → MZip(Determinant[a], a, M) → DZip(fxx(a), a, l1) → f_{xx}Sequence(If[D(i) > 0, If[f_{xx}(i) > 0, "local minimum", "local maximum"], If[(D(i) * f_{xx}(i)) ≟ 0, "?", "saddle point"]], i, 1, Length[l1]) → l4Zip((x(a), y(a), f(a)), a, l1) → l5Zip(fx(a), a, l1) → lfxZip(fy(a), a, l1) → lfyTableText(Append["i", 1…Length[l1]], Append["critical points", l5], Append["f_{x}", lfx], Append["f_{y}", lfy], Append["f_{xx}", f_{xx}], Append["Det", D], Append["", l4], "v") → text1LaTeX(f, true) → text2Sequence(If[D(i) > 0, If[f_{xx}(i) > 0, 1, 2], If[D(i) ≟ 0, -5, -1]], i, 1, Length[l1]) → l4aSort(l5, l4a) → l5aSort(l1, l4a) → l1aLength(lmax) → lämaxLength(lmin) → läminLength(lsad) → läsadSort(l4, l4a) → l4aaTableText(Append["i", 1…Length[l1]], Append["critical points", l5a], Append["", l4aa], "v") → text1aLength(lq) → läqImplicitCurve(f(x, y) - z0) → IFxyZip((x(a), y(a)), a, lsad) → lsad_2Zip((x(a), y(a)), a, lq) → lq_2Zip((x(a), y(a)), a, lmax) → lmax_2Zip((x(a), y(a)), a, lmin) → lmin_2Max(z(lmax)) → maxMax(z(lmin)) → minRotateText(txt1, 90°) → txt2